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Dive bomber
A dive bomber is a bomber aircraft that dives directly at its targets in order to provide greater accuracy for the bomb it drops. Diving towards the target simplifies the bomb's trajectory and allows the pilot to keep visual contact throughout the bomb run. This allows attacks on point targets and ships, which were difficult to attack with conventional "level" bombers, even ''en-masse''.
==Definition==
A dive bomber dives at a steep angle, normally between 45 and 70 degrees, and thus requires an abrupt pull-up after dropping its bombs. This puts great strains on both pilot and aircraft. It demands an aircraft of strong construction, with some means to slow its dive. This limited the class to light bomber designs with ordnance loads in the range of . The most famous examples are the Junkers Ju 87 ''Stuka'', which was widely used during the opening stages of World War II, the Aichi D3A ''"Val"'' dive bomber, which sank more Allied warships during the war than any other Axis aircraft,〔Angelucci and Matricasrdi p. 142〕〔Casey p. 87〕〔Worth p. 170〕 and the Douglas SBD Dauntless, which sank more Japanese shipping than any other allied aircraft type.〔http://www.nationalww2museum.org/us-freedom-pavilion-the-boeing-center/douglas-sbd-dauntless.html〕 The SBD Dauntless was also famous as the plane that won the Battle of Midway, and was also instrumental in the victory at the Battle of the Coral Sea, and fought in every US battle involving carrier aircraft.〔Parker, Dana T. ''Building Victory: Aircraft Manufacturing in the Los Angeles Area in World War II,'' pp. 25-28, Cypress, California, 2013. ISBN 978-0-9897906-0-4.〕〔Klein, Maury. ''A Call to Arms: Mobilizing America for World War II,'' p. 460, Bloomsbury Press, New York, New York, 2013. ISBN 978-1-59691-607-4.〕
A second and simpler technique is to bomb from a shallow dive angle, sometimes referred to as glide bombing. This reduces the accuracy, but still allows line of sight to the target during the bomb run. The Junkers Ju 88 and Petlyakov Pe-2 were widely used in this role. The Heinkel He 177 is often mentioned as having its development upset by the demand that it be able to dive bomb, although this actually referred to glide bombing. The phrase "glide bombing" should not be confused with the term glide bomb, where the bomb glides towards its target while the aircraft remains in level flight. Attachments for this type of bombing were fitted to the Norden bombsight, but in practice this proved unworkable.
Dive bombing was most widely used before and during World War II; its use declined during the war, when its vulnerability to enemy fighters became apparent. In the post-war era, this role was replaced with a combination of improved and automated bombsights, larger weapons and even nuclear warheads that greatly reduced the need for accuracy, and finally by precision guided weapons as they became available in the 1960s. Most tactical aircraft today allow bombing in shallow dives to keep the target visible, but true dive bombers have not been a part of military forces since the start of the jet age.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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